Medical Education

hybridoma technique flowchart

Hybridoma technique: procedure and advancement

Hybridoma technique is the most favored and efficient method for exploring and producing  monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). At present, The majority of the mAbs approved by the US-FDA are manufactured utilizing hybridoma technique. It is introduced by Kohler and Milstein in 1975 and got the Nobel prize in 1984. OKT3 (muromonantibody) against CD-3 is the first […]

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Immunotoxins: structure, mechanism, uses and limitations

Immunotoxins are a new class of large molecules and targeted anticancer drugs. It is a conjugated protein containing an antibody, growth factor, or cytokine that binds directly to target cells and toxins (e.g. Diphtheria toxin) joined together with a pH-sensitive cross linker that serves as a disulfide bond in between. Like “magic bullets,” it destroys

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Anticancer drugs classification

Anticancer drugs are divided into two categories: cytotoxic (non-specific) and targeted (specific). Since cytotoxic anticancer drugs are unable to distinguish between cancer cells and naturally rapidly dividing normal cells in the body, they cause side effects such as bone marrow suppression, alopecia, and diarrhea. Alkylating agents, platinum compounds, anti-metabolites, mitotic spindle inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors, and

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Non epileptic uses of anti-epileptic drugs

Bipolar disorder – Valproate Migraine (prophylaxis) – Valproate Cluster headache – Valproate Cushing’s syndrome – Valproate with Metyrapone Tardive dyskinesia – Valproate Trigeminal neuralgia – Carbamazepine Diabetes insipidus – Carbamazepine Obesity – Topiramate To decrease craving of alcohol – Topiramate Arrhythmia – Phenytoin Neuropathic pain (diabetic neuropathy & post herpetic neuralgia) – Prgabalin /Gabapentin Tuberous

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Innate Immunity

Humans are exposed to a variety of pathogens every day, but they do not cause infection or illness each time. This is possible because the body has its defense system to combat with these pathogens, called the immune system. There are two kinds of immune mechanism, innate immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. Innate immunity is the body’s first line

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