Ototoxic denotes toxic to the ears (oto-). Ototoxic drugs are concentrated in the labyrinthine fluid. When the plasma concentration falls, these are gradually eliminated from the labyrinthine fluid. Ototoxicity is worse when the drug’s plasma concentration is consistently high and above a threshold value. Reduced renal clearance can predispose ototoxicity of the drug. The most […]
Topical antifungal drugs are applied externally on the body in the form of cream, ointment, gel, lotion, spray, shampoo or powder. These are used to treat fungal infections on skin, hair, nails, vagina and inside the mouth. The benefit of topical application is that it has minimal adverse effects on the body as well as
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Antifungal drugs are used for superficial and deep/systemic fungal infections. Fungal infections are usually associated with the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials, corticosteroids, anticancer or immunosuppressant drugs, indwelling catheters and implants, and emergence of AIDS. Saprophytic fungi can easily invade live tissue as a result of the aforesaid disruption of the host defence mechanisms. There are
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Antibacterials are antimicrobial agents particularly used to kill bacteria. These includes naturally occurring as well as synthetic and semisynthetic compounds. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by microorganisms that, at extremely low concentrations, kill or selectively limit the growth of other microorganisms without having a substantial negative impact on the host. Other naturally occurring compounds that inhibit
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Antiemetics are drugs used to prevent vomiting. Vomiting is a protective mechanism of GIT/stomach to expel out undesired or hazardous foods or chemicals. It is an innate protective reflex rather than a disease, while nausea is the sense of vomiting. Sometime undesirable vomiting can occur due to emotional stress, motion sickness, therapeutic drugs like anticancer,
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Daridorexant (nemorexant) is a newer class of sedative-hypnotic drugs under non-benzodiazepine category. it is used to treat insomnia in adults. daridorexant blocks binding of wake promoting neuropeptides (orexin A and orexin B) to its receptors OX-1 and OX-2. It should be avoided in patients with depression. Drug class Orexin receptor antagonist, hypnotics Available preparation Daridorexant
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Prodrugs are described as inactive drugs that must be changed into one or more active metabolites within the body in order to exert the desired pharmacological effect. The prodrug may be more stable, have greater bioavailability, or other desired pharmacokinetic features, or have fewer side effects and toxicity than the active form. Some prodrugs are
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Deflazacort is a synthetic glucocorticoid, with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. It is a prodrug, converts to active metabolite by plasma esterases. It has approved by the FDA to manage Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). With less adverse effects on bone health and weight than other steroids, it improves the lives of children with DMD by delaying
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CYP 3A4/5 is the most abundant microsomal enzyme (CYP) and conducts biotransformation of the majority (almost 50%) of drugs. The pace of metabolism is increased by 2–4 fold by the induction of microsomal enzymes (CYP450). Induction takes 4–14 days to reach its peak and is maintained till the inducing agent is being given. The enzymes
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Ebastine is a newer second-generation H1 blocker that gets converted quickly to the active metabolite carebastine, with a t½ of 10–14 hours. It is non-sedating and effective for nasal and skin allergies. It has been shown in animal studies to prolong Q-Tc interval, making it liable to arrhythmogenic potential and CYP3A4 interaction, however there are
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