Azelastine is a newer H1 blocker, has good topical activity and additionally suppresses histamine release and inflammatory reactions caused by LTs (by inhibiting lipoxygenase) and PAF. It has been demonstrated to reduce intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on nasal mucosa after intranasal administration. It has a t½ of 24 hours, however due to the active […]
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Pheniramine (most famous brand name ‘Avil’) is an H1 antihistamine, used to treat acute allergic conditions such as insect bite/sting, drug allergy, blood transfusion reaction etc. it is moderately sedative and produces other CNS side effects, as crosses blood-brain barrier. Drug class H1 antihistamine, 1st generation Available preparations pheniramine maleate Tablet: 25 mg, 50 mg
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Levocetirizine is an H1 antihistamine that is used to treat a variety of allergic conditions. It is the active R-enantiomer of cetirizine. Levocetirizine do not cross blood-brain barrier. As compared to cetirizine, it is effective at half the dose and appears to cause less sedation and lack of anticholinergic side effects. Cetirizine and levocetirizine have
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Cetirizine is an H1 antihistamine that is used to treat a variety of allergic conditions. It is a metabolite of hydroxyzine with high affinity for peripheral H1 receptors. Cetirizine in addition inhibits release of histamine and of cytotoxic mediators from platelets as well as eosinophil chemotaxis during the secondary phase of the allergic response. Thus,
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H1 antihistamines compete with histamine to block its effects at H1 receptors, such as cetirizine, promethazine, pheniramine, azelastine etc. They have antiallergic actions while have poor antipruritic, antiemetic and antitussive actions. According to recent research, the H1 receptor has some constitutive activity, and H1 antihistaminics also possesses inverse agonistic action. H1 ANTIHISTAMINES CLASSIFICATION 1st generation
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Histamine, which means ’tissue amine’ (histos—tissue), an autacoid, found in universally all animal tissues. Histamine is mostly found in mast cell storage granules. Histamine produced by non-mast cells can be found in the brain, gastric mucosa, epidermis, and growing regions. Mast cell histamine turnover is sluggish, whereas non-mast cell histamine turnover is rapid. Blood, most
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Inhalational steroids are most typically used in asthma and rhinitis, and less commonly in COPD (emphysema, Bronchiectasis). They are delivered through pMDI (pressurized metered dose inhaler), spacer, rotacap, or nasal sprayer. Drugs include: Beclomethasone dipropionate Budesonide Ciclesonide Fluticasone Flunisolide Beclomethasone dipropionate It is an inhalational preparation of beclomethasone. 50 mcg, 100 mcg, 200 mcg per
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Topical steroids are used to treat a wide range of dermatological illnesses. Their anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, vasoconstrictor, and antiproliferative (for scaling lesions) properties are major mechanism to use them topically. The extent of absorption to deeper layers determines the strength of action, and hence the lipophilicity of the molecule determines potency to a large extent. Fluorinated
Steroids are derived from the word sterol, which means ‘sterol-like.’ Cholesterol is the most abundant sterol produced by the body. Steroids, which comprise different hormones and vitamins, are endogenous or synthesized derivatives of sterol. Sterols are molecules that contain the ‘-OH’ functional group and are most likely lipids in origin. They serve various physiological functions
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Steroids or Corticosteroids are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and are necessary for various physiological functions in the body. The terms ‘corticosteroid’ and ‘corticoid‘ are used interchangeably to refer to natural gluco- and mineralo-corticoids, and their synthetic analogues. Hydrocortisone is the major endogenous glucocorticoid, whereas aldosterone is the major endogenous mineralocorticoid. The key role of
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